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| 1820 |
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French physician Laünnec invented
the stethoscope to help diagnose chest diseases, including
tuberculosis, a disease that would eventually kill him. |
Réné Théophile
Hyacinthe Laünnec
(1781-1826) |
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| 1937 |
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The Bag Pressure Manometer gauged
pressure within the breathing circuit, showing variations
needed to ventilate lungs when resistance/compliance changed. |
Bag Pressure
Manometer |
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| 1946 |
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The Beckman Oxygen Analyzer (BOA)
used Linus Pauling's paramagnetic technique. A string galvanometer
with light-reflecting mirror, the delicate BOA was rendered
inaccurate by anesthetic gases. |
Beckman Oxygen
Analyzer |
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| 1940s |
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Precordial Stethoscope popularized. |
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| 1950s |
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Esophageal Stethoscope popularized. |
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| 1952 |
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Danish anesthesiologist Ibsen manually ventilated
polio patients after tank ventilators failed. Hundreds of
students were recruited to provide around-the-clock hand ventilation
for up to 90 patients at a time. Ibsen guided ICUs worldwide
away from iron lungs to modern ventilators. Rapid estimation
of pCO2 was essential to determine correct ventilation. Danish
physician Astrup used arterial sampling to measure pH and
CO2 content (Van Slyke method) to adjust ventilators for normal
ventilation. This led to the "equilibrium method"
and, by 1958, to his introduction of the micro pH electrode
and of "base-excess." |
Bjorn Ibsen, M.D.
(1915- )
Poul B. Astrup, M.D.
(1915- )
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Leslie
Rendell-Baker, M.D., is an Emeritus Clinical Professor of
Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California. |
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George
S. Bause, M.D., is an Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. He is Honorary
Curator of the Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. |
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Monitoring: The Story Behind the Story
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The views expressed herein are those of the authors and
do not necessarily represent or reflect the views, policies
or actions of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
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