As a result of completing this activity, the participant should be able to:

• Address families’ concerns about the effects of anesthesia and surgery on young children, infants, and fetuses
• Address families’ and patients’ concerns about the effects of anesthesia and surgery on the elderly
• Structure anesthetic administration and perioperative care to reduce the risk of central nervous system (CNS) complications from anesthesia and surgery in young children, infants, and fetuses
• Structure anesthetic administration and perioperative care to reduce the risk of CNS complications from anesthesia and surgery in elderly patients

All members of the anesthesia care team.

James Cottrell, M.D., FACA and John Hartung, M.D. have reported no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests.

The American Society of Anesthesiologists remains strongly committed to providing the best available evidence-based clinical information to participants of this educational activity and requires an open disclosure of any potential conflict of interest identified by our faculty members. It is not the intent of the American Society of Anesthesiologists to eliminate all situations of potential conflict of interest, but rather to enable those who are working with the American Society of Anesthesiologists to recognize situations that may be subject to question by others. All disclosed conflicts of interest are reviewed by the educational activity course director/chair to ensure that such situations are properly evaluated and, if necessary, resolved. The American Society of Anesthesiologists educational standards pertaining to conflict of interest are intended to maintain the professional autonomy of the clinical experts inherent in promoting a balanced presentation of science. Through our review process, all American Society of Anesthesiologists CME activities are ensured of independent, objective, scientifically balanced presentations of information. Disclosure of any or no relationships will be made available for all educational activities.

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